Study of Environmental Issues Associated with...

Study of Environmental Issues Associated with Industrialization Although our industrial ways seem to be a very progressive step into the future, there are many flaws to the way many things are today. Things have definitely changed over the past century, as we can currently do things much more efficiently then before. The cost of this efficiency may seem inexpensive in many ways, however we do not realize that the cost of these new technologies do not just include money, time and labour, but it also costs us our well being as well as the beauty and comfort of our own home, earth. Ozone depletion, climate change as well as the direct effects of chemicals from industrial emissions and fuel combustion are a great threat to our planet†¦show more content†¦In fact, if Antarctica melts slightly the ocean level can rise up to sixty meters. As the global temperatures rise, the world will become drier and therefore there will be more droughts, and heat waves possibly causing more fires and again producing more CO2 and further contributing to the problem. Ocean temperatures, currents and fish habitats will also change with the climate of the world. Chemicals however, are not only believed to heat up the world in the process of global warming, chemicals are also the probable cause of an unexplained coolness in some parts of the world. Sulfur dioxide is a chemical that reflects sunlight and because it reflects sunlight it is assumed that sulfur dioxide cools specific areas of the earth that should be warmer. Chemicals cause a lot of indirect damage to all living things on earth, however, it is possible and most frequent that chemicals endanger the lives of living things directly. Unintentionally inhaling chemicals is one way these chemicals can harm us directly. Carbon monoxide, when inhaled, binds to the bloods hemoglobin and prevents the necessary oxygen from reaching tissues. When inhaled, carbon monoxide can also dull mental acuity. A deadly chemical cloud at ground level called smog also endangers the health of living things. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) from vehicleShow MoreRelatedCauses Of Obesity In Western Countries1251 Words   |  6 Pagesgenetic, social and environmental components. However, due to the meteoric pace at which obesity reached epidemic proportions have eluted that social and environmental factors point to social and environmental causes. The rapid urbanization and technological advancement had an affect on environmental chemicals and induced the growth/expansion of obsegionic environments in the US. Epidemiological and in vitro studies show a link between obesity and life style changes associated with the urbanizationRead MoreThe Presence of Corruption in Bangladesh 1471 Words   |  6 Pagesis one of the most corrupt nations. Ever since the independence of this South Asian nation it has been fraught with instability and corruption. As new nation Bangladesh has to face various political and economic issues. Patronage networks, military coups and civi l violence are the few issues that ruin the political system of this nation. Much of the political instability has lead to challenges in its economic development. Bangladesh lags behind in natural resources and capital thus affecting the developmentRead MoreAnalyzing Anthropocentrism Ethic : A Case Study Of Climate Change1209 Words   |  5 PagesTopic: analyzing anthropocentrism ethic: a case study of climate change Climate change is one of the most serious phenomenon in environment issue. As in scientist, the excess production and emission of greenhouse gases are the main cause, and the hidden executor is us, the human beings (Cook, 2010). This essay is based on the reading of â€Å"Myth as a Site of Ecocritical Inquiry: Disrupting Anthropocentrism†, but further analyze on the relationship between human and nature and critical thinking of anthropocentrismRead MoreBreast Cancer Among Women 1457 Words   |  6 Pageshormonal therapy, immunotherapy and radiation. In the present day, surgery is nevertheless the best choice when dealing with breast cancer. It increases the rate of survive for breast cancer by removing the cancer cell from the breast. In recent studies, the number of women getting breast cancer has increasing over the years. However, researchers and doctor’s comparability treat breast the same way they did 20 years ago. In recent history, women have one of the highest death rate due to breast cancerRead MoreMain Arguments Of The Book By Paul Hawken1931 Words   |  8 PagesMain arguments of the book Paul Hawken addresses the effects of industrialization in the world today. He depicts that the environment is degraded by the economic systems who aimlessly utilizes resources for unintended purposes while at the same time releasing toxic chemicals into the environment. The economic system does not adopt the natural cycle of activities whereby wastes turn out to be food to some microorganisms in the environment. According to Paul Hawken, the economic system has played aRead MoreThe Global Economy Essay808 Words   |  4 PagesThe Global Economy The global economy and global environment are bound up with one another. Environmental change is a consequence of economic development. Environmental change and its consequent health impacts are driven by economic growth, population growth and urbanization. It has been shown that it is possible to manage economic growth in ways that preserve environmental quality and enhance human health. Achieving the benefits of economic development while minimizing its harmful impactsRead MoreThe Evolution Of The 1960s Protest Song1151 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"protest song† has typically been associated with Joni Mitchell, but the expanding range of protest songs in the 1970s defines her continued presence as a leader in terms of environmental activism. More than just a vestige of the late 1960s, Mitchell continued to write protest songs long after many other artists from the 1960s had changed their lyrical content. In the â€Å"mellow turn† of early 1970s country rock and f olk music, Mitchell represented a new environmental shift that moved away from the proto-typicalRead MoreEnvironmental Health Is The Branch Of Environmental Sciences1414 Words   |  6 PagesEnvironmental health is the branch of environmental sciences that deals with the phenomena and study of numerous kinds of health care issues and the measures for the recovery of damages caused by the environmental pollution. Many health organizations such as World Health Organization officially define the environmental health as an essential part of the research. Environmental health has great significance in our lives because of the pollution that is triggered by different kind of resource suchRead MoreThe Effects Of Arsenic On The Human Health Risk Of Arsenic1041 Words   |  5 PagesSource apportionment, distribution and mobilization of arsenic (As) in groundwater are hot topic that have received a significant attention among the scientific communities in the last two decades as a consequence of the human health risk associated with ingestion of As-containing water in the Ganges delta region (Welch and Stollenwerk 2003; Reza and Jean 2012; Joseph et al. 2015). Geochemical process of As in groundwater is increasing with time, which aggravates anxiety due to its toxic effectsRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On Plants, Animals, And Structures951 Words   |  4 Pageshas been a major health problem caused by both human and natural causes. As the years advance, air pollution has become an issue of concern throughout the world since the p ollutants quickly spread in the atmosphere and have negative effects on the ecosystem; as such, this issue is of global concern. One of the primary reasons for increased air pollution is industrialization that is responsible for the emission of chemical substances into the atmosphere. In this regard, automobiles have been recorded

Ethical dilemmas can international psychologists Free Essays

The list below though not exhaustive but have been potential dilemmas that international psychologists ace during the execution Of their services in a culturally diverse population: Linguistic competencies- A case in point of such a situation is where immigrants travel in host community and want to use the health opportunities of that community. The medium of exchange for the host community is mainly English and say the immigrant is from a Chinese background. The children of most immigrants tend to adjust quickly in terms of linguistic abilities and therefore are most often interpreters for their parents. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical dilemmas can international psychologists or any similar topic only for you Order Now A parent of such cultural background seeking mental health services ill rely on the children to interpret for them. The dilemma here is the international psychologist is bound by law not to expose a patient’s sensitive document to a third party and also how can the international psychologist ascertained that the patient clearly understood the informed consent interpreted by the child. The steps taken in such a scenario is the need for bilingual staff to facilitate the care of culturally diverse patients (Congress, 2004). Practitioners legal obligation versus workplace policies- Davidson, (201 0, up. 70) reported that workers within the social services will be unfrosted by the dilemma between acting in the ethical best interest of direct service recipients and acting according to the law. For instance, an international psychologist working with an organization in a culture where children or minors work to fend living for their parents will be faced with a dilemma as to whether he is legally obligated to report this illegal activities of the organization or has an obligation to the organization to report. Using individual participants to represent the whole population- In his voice thread, Dry. Larsen (2014) noted that most hypothesis used in testing cross cultural research uses individual participants as a unit of analysis to aggregate an overall score for each culture. We are cautioned by the video on cross cultural competence that when working with culturally diverse population, we should delve into the demographics and composition of the group so that at the end all benefits and risk should be proportionately distributed. The ethical issue that arises when we stereotype or generalize the attribute of one culture to encompass the whole is that relationships among the measured rabbles in one culture will not necessarily translate to the same relationship in another culture. How to cite Ethical dilemmas can international psychologists, Papers

Biology Virtual Lab

Biology Virtual Lab- Parts of a Flower Essay Which parts of the flowers are important in pollination? Describe their role in the process, Pollen is produced in the stamen, pollination occurs when that pollen is transported from the anther to the style by insects or animals that are attracted to the plant by the beautiful petals of the flower. 2. Which parts of the flower are involved in fertilization and fruit development? Fertilization starts after pollination has occurred, and begins inside the pistils. The ovule contained inside the ovary is fertilized and the ovule begins to harden and form into a seed to protect the embryo until it begins to grow into a new plant. The embryo grows inside the ovule and then develops into a fruit. 3. Many types of flowers produce fruits that are fragrant and sweet tasting. Describe how these characteristics Of fruits may be important for dispersal. These types of fruits could be more appealing to animals that depend on plants for food. These animals then begin to remember these particular flowers for their fruit, and recognize them in other areas, which may allow that particular flower to grow in another location. 4. Many types of flowers are brightly colored, fragrant, and produce sweet nectar. Describe how these characteristics affect the process of pollination. Since most plants are unable to pollinate themselves, they are dependent upon something (usually insects or animals) that can move the pollen from plant to plant. These animals or insects are attracted to the plant by their sense of sight, sate, and smell and are attracted more easily to plants that have these characteristics. 5. Most species of plants produces flowers containing both stamen and pistils. Why is producing flowers With both male and female reproductive Structure an advantage for plants? If the plants are self-compatible the likelihood that the pollen will move from the male to female parts increases. If the plants are self-incompatible, the probability that the pollinator will visit flowers of the same species and transfer the pollen from one plant to another increases.

What made the Industrial Revolution revolutionary free essay sample

What made the Industrial revolution a revolution or revolutionary? † According to Dictionary. com, one definition of a revolution is â€Å"a sudden, complete or marked change of something. † Another definition provided on the site is â€Å"an overthrow or repudiation and the thorough replacement of an established government or political system by the people governed. † Both of these definitions can be applied, at least in part, to the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution was quite different from the other revolutions mentioned in the textbook (Chapter 28), however. The American Revolution took place in the 1770’s and 1780’s when colonists finally dissociated from British rule. The colonists were being taxed due to British debt. They were unhappy with the taxes and trade regulations and boycotted British goods. Lives were lost in battles such as the Boston Tea Party of 1773 and in Lexington in 1775. The Constitution was established granting the new Americans with the rights and freedoms they felt they were not getting from British Parliament. We will write a custom essay sample on What made the Industrial Revolution revolutionary? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They ultimately made a change by fighting to end the British rule over the colonies so that a new government could be established. The industrial revolution was not about battling a government to overthrow it. The industrial revolution was a massive change that had global effects. The industrial revolution ultimately began as Britain switched from wood power to coal power. Deforestation resulted in dwindling resources of wood and the British found that coal was much more abundant. Many inventions of the time impacted the industrial revolution positively. As coal became the ideal source of energy, more coal powered machines were invented. The steam engine, which was designed by James Watt in 1765, burned coal. Ultimately, the use of it became widespread and efficiency was increased. This lead to the invention of the steam powered locomotive in 1815 by George Stephenson. Transportation of goods was suddenly much more practical. The demand for cheap cotton increased and as demand increased, the efficiency needed to increase as well. John Kay invented the flying shuttle, which according to Encyclopedia Britannica, was a device that was mounted on wheels and allowed weavers to weave wider fabrics more quickly than by hand. This invention in 1733 was followed by the invention of the spinning mule in 1779 by Samuel Crompton and the water driven power loom in 1785. Factories also made the production of goods much more efficient. The increased efficiency of the production and transportation of goods lead to a change in the lifestyle of many Europeans and Americans between 1700 and 1900. Populations grew as the standard of living became higher. Children (as well as adults) thrived as poverty decreased, as food became affordable and sanitation was improved. People began to migrate and urbanization occurred. People left the country to move to the cities where factor jobs were attainable. The general way of living changed completely for most Americans and Europeans. The typical American was no longer a farmer living in poverty but instead a factory worker living in the city. In middle class families, men became the main, and sometimes sole, provider for the family. Women stayed home to raise the children and do housework rather than work alongside their husbands as many did prior. Although there were no battles or overthrowing of a government, the way of life changed drastically, arguably more drastically than life had changed for colonists after the American Revolution. People and governments adapted to the industrial demands, much like how colonists changed their government in response to British taxation. The first definition provided may best fit the Industrial Revolution as it was a complete change of the way of life.

DIETS DONT WORK FOR SOME essays

DIETS DON'T WORK FOR SOME essays Obesity and the resulting medical problems have become an overwhelming American condition, and it seems to be getting worse every day. One Newsweek writer notes, "While searching endlessly for just the right diet, we're consuming ever more calories, growing ever more obese, and suffering obscene rates of diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease as a result" (Cowly, 2003, p. 46). Many experts believe all it takes is a "little more willpower" for most Americans to triumph over obesity and ill health, but it takes more than a little willpower for most people to stick to a healthy diet. This is why I chose stomach stapling as an alternative to dieting, because for a majority of overweight Americans, including me, Americans love of good food is enhanced by the constant bombardment of food advertising on television, the radio, and even the Internet. Did you ever notice when you are on a diet, every ad seems to be extolling the virtues of fast food burgers and quick fix weekday dinners' As one writer noted, "Our love of certain foods often takes root during childhood, long before we know or care about their nutritional value" (Miller, 2003, p. 70), and this love is often triggered by visual and/or mental stimulation from television ads, memories, and even aromas from the corner delicatessen. Our culture revolves around food, and if you can put it away and not pack on the pounds you are a hero, while if you cannot, you are lacking in willpower and self-control. That is simply not the case for some people, who carry their genetic makeup for the world to see, on their hips, thighs, and love handles. For some people, losing weight does not take a "little willpower," it takes a massive amount of effort and determination, and many fail, which is one reason there are so many obese people in the country, and diet gurus are still raking in thousands of ...

Greg Lynn, Binary Large Objects, and Blob Architecture

Greg Lynn, Binary Large Objects, and Blob Architecture Blob architecture is a type of wavy, curvy building design without traditional edges or traditional symmetric form. It is made possible by computer-aided-design (CAD) software. American-born architect and philosopher Greg Lynn (b. 1964) is credited with coining the phrase, although Lynn himself claims the name comes from a software feature that creates Binary Large Objects. The name has stuck, often disparagingly, in various forms, including blobism, blobismus, and blobitecture. Examples of Blob Architecture These buildings have been called early examples of blobitecture: Selfridges Department Store (pictured on this page) in Birmingham, United KingdomGuggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain (designed by Frank Gehry)Xanadu Houses in Kissimmee, FloridaThe Sage Gateshead in Newcastle, UK (designed by Norman Foster)Admirant Entrance Building in Eindhoven, Netherlands (designed by Massimiliano Fuksas)Galaxy SOHO in Beijing, China (designed by Zaha Hadid)The Experience Music Project (EMP) in Seattle, Washington (designed by Frank Gehry) CAD Design on Steroids Mechanical drawing and drafting changed radically with the advent of desktop computing. CAD software was one of the very first applications to be used in offices transitioning to personal computer workstations in the early 1980s. Wavefront Technologies developed the OBJ file (with the .obj file extension) to geometrically define three-dimensional models. Greg Lynn and Blob Modeling Ohio-born Greg Lynn came of age during the digital revolution. The term Blob modelling was a module in Wavefront software at the time, says Lynn, and it was an acronym for Binary Large Object - spheres that could be collected to form larger composite forms. At the level of geometry and mathematics, I was excited by the tool as it was great for making large-scale single surfaces out of many small components as well as adding detailed elements to larger areas. Other architects who were the first to experiment with and use blob modeling include the American Peter Eisenman, British architect Norman Foster, Italian architect Massimiliano Fuksas, Frank Gehry,   Zaha Hadid and Patrik Schumacher, and Jan Kaplickà ½ and Amanda Levete. Architectural movements, such as the 1960s Archigram led by architect Peter Cook or the convictions of the deconstructionists, are often associated with blob architecture. Movements, however, are about ideas and philosophy. Blob architecture is about a digital process - using mathematics and computer technologies to design. Mathematics and Architecture Ancient Greek and Roman designs were based on geometry and architecture. Roman architect Marcus Vitruvius observed relationships of human body parts - the nose to the face, the ears to the head - and documented the symmetry and proportion. Todays architecture is more calculus-based using digital tools. Calculus is the mathematical study of changes. Greg Lynn argues that since the Middle Ages architects have used calculus - the Gothic moment in architecture was the first time that force and motion was thought of in terms of form. In Gothic details such as ribbed vaulting you can see that the structural forces of the vaulting get articulated as lines, so youre really actually seeing the expression of structural force and form. Calculus is also a mathematics of curves. So, even a straight line, defined with calculus, is a curve. Its just a curve without inflection. So, a new vocabulary of form is now pervading all design fields: whether its automobiles, architecture, products, etc., its really being affected by this digital medium of curvature. The intricacies of scale that come out of that - you know, in the example of the nose to the face, theres a fractional part-to-whole idea. With calculus, the whole idea of subdivision is more complex, because the whole and the parts are one continuous series. -    Greg Lynn, 2005 Todays CAD has enabled the building of designs that were once theoretical and philosophical movements. Powerful BIM software now allows designers to visually manipulate parameters, knowing that Computer Aided Manufacturing software will keep track of the building components and how they are to be assembled. Perhaps because of the unfortunate acronym used by Greg Lynn, other architects such as  Patrik Schumacher have coined a new word for new software - parametricism. Books by and About Greg Lynn Folds, Bodies Blobs: Collected Essays by Greg Lynn, 1998Animate Form by Greg Lynn, 1999Composites, Surfaces, and Software: High Performance Architecture, Greg Lynn at the Yale School of Architecture, 2011Visual Catalog: Greg Lynns Studio at the University of Applied Arts Vienna, 2010IOA Studios. Zaha Hadid, Greg Lynn, Wolf D. Prix: Selected Student Works 2009, Architecture is PornographyOther Space Odysseys: Greg Lynn, Michael Maltzan and Alessandro Poli, 2010Greg Lynn FORM by Greg Lynn, Rizzoli, 2008 Sources Greg Lynn - Biography, European Graduate School website at www.egs.edu/faculty/greg-lynn/biography/ [accessed March 29, 2013]Greg Lynn on calculus in architecture, TED (Technology, Entertainment and Design), February 2005, https://www.ted.com/talks/greg_lynn_on_organic_designPhoto of The Sage by Paul Thompson/Photolibrary Collection/Getty Images

Clinical immunology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Clinical immunology - Essay Example The allergen specific test is conducted using IgE antibodies which are found in mucous membranes, lungs and even the skin. The skin prick test on the other hand is external and more of an observation of the skin’s reaction to the allergens therefore house dust termites allergen cannot be detected through it (Sicherer,2012). Question 3 The major allergens in milk are casein and whey which are the components of milk that trigger reaction with the IgE. In peanut, there is the Ara h1 which is contained in the cotyledon and looks like vicilin (Tan , Lebeck & Nehlsen-Cannarella , 2012). Peanut and tree nuts may both test positive to a test but this does not necessarily mean that the said person is allergic to both since there are false positives. This means the child can test positive but still eat the food without having any problem. It is a kind of seed storage that triggers the reaction with IgE. In eggs, there are the ovamucoid and ovalbumin which have been identified as the maj or allergens, there are lesser ones. These two are found in the egg white (Bellanti, 2011). Question 4 Th-2 cells triggers the activation of mast cells, B cells and eosinophils that produce IgE antibodies. Th-2 produces IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13 and it also regulates eosinophil and B cell mediated responses. IL-17 is a group of cytokines that support inflammation that are produced by activated memory cells. This cytokine takes part in the creation of an immunological response that is dependent on Th-2 cells. This happens through the introduction of cytokines derived by Th-2 (Tan, Lebeck & Nehlsen-Cannarella, 2012).This is supported by the inflammation of the eosiniphil. The characteristics of response induced by different IL-17 all comes down to their structure. These differences therefore determine their functions biologically. Question 5 Histamine is organic and also a nitrogen compound that is normally involved in immune responses and it also regulates the physiological functions o f the gut. It activates inflammatory response when it acts as a neurotransmitter. Basophils produce histamine and by studying their release assay, the physician is able to determine the main allergy/asthma.PGD2 binds to receptor PTGDR and CRTH2; it is produced by mast cells and is very critical when it comes to the development of asthma and other allergic diseases. This makes it an important aspect when treatment of an allergy victim is done. The release assay can show the intensity of the allergy hence helping the physician determine the best medication or therapy. Eosinophil Cationic Protein can also be called ribonuclease 3 and is related to allergies because when an allergic reaction occurs, there number of ECP in the body rises significantly especially in areas with inflammations. Question 6 Hygiene hypothesis states that when one is not exposed to infectious agents at an early childhood stage, their chances of being susceptible to allergic diseases since the development of the ir immune system is suppressed hence making them have an immune system that can barely defend the body (Tan , Lebeck & Nehlsen-Cannarella , 2012).The polarized response by Th1 is not introduced to the system early enough

Southampton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Southampton - Essay Example Finally yet importantly, I would like to thank all my peers and classmates who made it an enjoyable experience during the entire course. Southampton as a port city has a rich maritime history and remains home to a few of the most notable historical monuments and buildings in the UK. However, due to lack of proper planning and execution, tourist footfall is far from satisfactory. Through this dissertation, the researcher has analysed the different aspects to promoting urban tourism in the region. Data gathering and subsequent analysis conveyed that area of West Quay, the waterfront and the parks need to be re-organised. The cruise industry forms the backbone of the region’s tourism and should be promoted as its Unique Selling Point (USP). Southampton council should also perform tie-ups with neighbouring councils of Winchester Eastleigh to promote tourism. Specific recommendations for structural changes in Southampton’s approach to urban tourism include proper advertisement to highlight the city’s best features, museum visits need to be free for the public and funding needs to be procured to mainta in historic monuments and buildings. Moreover, council also needs to work to raise public awareness about the importance of urban tourism, which in turn would affect the economy. Modern theory on sustainable development ushers a combination of economic, social and environmental issues whereby each issue is provided equal importance and judged accordingly. This form of ‘integrative approach’ helps in seeking a balance between economy and society whereby diverse sectors become mutually intertwined to support the common good (Daniels, 1991). Britain had witnessed alarming decline in its manufacturing productivity from 1980 onwards. This situation was further hampered during the economic recession of 1979-1982; however it was also during this time that organisations and government gradually began to appreciate the importance of

Substance abuse Essay Example for Free

Substance abuse Essay Substance abuse is the manner in which the use of a specific drug is used that is outside the specified usage. For instance drug abuse, drug addiction and chemical dependency all point to the same i. e. abuse. Hence the use of drugs or chemicals outside the specifications prescribed by the doctor or the norms followed in society is all a definition for substance abuse. When someone uses drugs or chemicals in a manner that is not prescribed by the doctor, then, there are symptoms that mostly follow the use. They mostly vary depending on the substance used. The common types of a person who has an abuse on any substance are:†¢ There is significant impairment or distress in the person that will always show in a period of about 12 months; †¢ There is physical hazard to the user where for instance the person is supposed to operate machines; †¢ There is also failure to be able to perform specific tasks like at school or at work hence poor output that is one cannot fully concentrate. †¢ The person might also become an enemy to the law hence display oneself in a conduct that is not impressive to the society; †¢ Lack of control to the emotions or cannot be one who keeps good relationship with close family or friend; †¢ Alcohol causes sedation and relief of anxiety when used in high consumptions there is slurred speech, ataxia, impaired judgment, and disinherited behavior. The person in picture here being an actress in the SHERRYBABY has been portrayed as being a nuisance to the public and also to the workmates. This seen so because she has been in prison due to the use of heroin. In specific acts in her movie, she tries to also show the steps that any addict of any illegal substance might be able to follow. For instance in one of the movies she follows the track where an addict does i.e. her ability is totally shuttered when she portrays where she drops of a hat, she makes Sherry Swanson turn from sexual to vulnerable, violent to passive, indifferent to invested, self-assured to insecure. Through it all, she is endearing enough to win over even the most ignorant viewers the kind who shields their eyes when in real-life Sherry’s pass them on the street. Chronic alcohol consumption profoundly affects the function of several vital organs, particularly the liver and the nervous, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular systems. Ethanol has direct toxicity. In addition, since it is a very weak drug that requires concentrations, thousands of times higher than other misused drugs (e. g. , cocaine, opiates, and amphetamines) to produce its intoxicating effects, it is often consumed in quantities large enough to qualify it as a food. Consumption of large amounts of alcohol increases the mortality rate of any consumer, though light to moderate drinkers have a chance of having between changing the habit or also increasing the chances too (Linda A.Mooney, David Knox, Caroline Schacht, 2005). Deaths linked to alcohol use are caused by the cancerous diseases, liver failure suicidal wishes and accidents when driving and the use of machines. In most cases, the drunken take this alcohol with an aim of forgetting their problems, some take alcohol to raise their sexual urge and ability to work. However, according to research, excessive abuse of alcohol does not help one to forget his or her own problems. This is a fact that most drug abuse victims do not have an idea about. In the Sherry Baby movie, this is clearly brought about when Sherry Swanson turn from sexual to vulnerable, violent to passive, indifferent to invested, self-assured to insecure. There are so many effects of the use of illegal substances but the following are the effects that are encountered by the user. They are: 1. Tolerance and physical dependence -The consumption of alcohol in high doses over a long period results in tolerance and in physical and psychological dependence. That is, the victim is not in a position to make independent decisions or handle a situation on his own. 2. Neurotoxicity- Consumption of large amounts of alcohol over extended periods (usually years) can also lead to neurological deficits. That is, some body functions will not take place normally. 3. Cardiovascular System: Alcohol alters the cardiovascular system in many ways. Heavy alcohol consumption of long duration is associated with a dilated cardiomyopathy with ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis. 4. Blood: Alcohol indirectly affects hematopoiesis through metabolic and nutritional effects and may also directly inhibit the proliferation of all cellular elements in bone marrow. The most common hematological disorder seen in chronic drinkers is mild anemia resulting from alcohol-related folic acid deficiency. 5. Endocrine System and Electrolyte Balance: Chronic alcohol use has important effects on the endocrine system and on mineral and fluid and electrolyte balance. 6. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Chronic maternal alcohol abuse during pregnancy is associated with important teratogenic effects on the offspring. Therefore, pregnant mothers are not allowed to consume this substance. 7. Immune System: Alcoholics have a higher than normal rate of infection and are especially prone to respiratory infections such as pneumonia and tuberculosis. This is the reason why most of the cough during cold seasons. 8. Increased Risk of Cancer: Chronic alcohol use increases the risk for cancer of the mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and liver. Reference Thomson Wadsworth (2006) Understanding Social Problems; Wadsworth Publishing. Page 161-186.

Interpersonal Conflict :: Human Resource Management

Hocker (1991) defined conflict and specifically interpersonal conflict as an expressed struggle involving a minimum of two interdependent individuals who have incompatible goals, scarce resources, and they perceive obstruction from the other party in achieving their goals. Hocker’s definition of conflict is criticized for its ambiguity. Rather than being a source of incompatible goals, conflict is caused by incompatible positions. When the term power is used in connection with communications between opponents, it is understood to mean the ability to control some other individual’s behavior (Burgoon & Dunbar, 2006). Individual perception is an important key concept to understanding the origin of conflict between parties. Conflict has also been de-fined as â€Å"a breakdown in the standard mechanisms of decision-making so that an individual or group experiences difficulty in selecting an action alternative† March and Simon (1993). Jehn and Mannix (2001) described conflict of an interpersonal nature as a recognition shared by two people in a dispute that they have irreconcilable needs, incompatible goals, and incongruity. During group situations, conflict frequently manifests itself when members of the group express opposing opinions and goals (Eisenhardt & Schoonhoven, 1990). Research by Amason (1996) revealed that conflict manifests itself in a group’s decision-making processes in spite of everyone in the group sharing the same goals. Amason (1996) and later Jehn (1999) theorized the reason for this disconnect was due to each person in the group having their own unique perspectives, varying levels of knowledge, and different life experiences that created an environment ripe for the collision of values. Interpersonal conflict is viewed by a vast majority of people as dysfunctional and costly to companies because of the time and money spent on conflict resolution strategies. Furthermore, many believe conflict stifles performance, reduces group cohesion, and it ultimately hinders the process of decision-making (Gladstein, 1984). Language also ascribes negative attributes to the word conflict. Typically, dysfunctional be-haviors whether they are verbal or physical like disputes, quarrels or hostilities -- all are associated with the word â€Å"conflict.† With the word â€Å"conflict† being used in great abundance globally to describe

Josephs story Essay

B.Assuming Josephs heart stopped, what cellular processes and membrane functions are going to be affected by loss of oxygen, blood glucose, and waste removal? Joseph’s blood pressure got so high due to the vessels being blocked with plaque, therefore circulation of blood has been blocked and it can no longer receive the nutrients required for it to pump. The body can’t breakdown glucose to make energy, and the increase in CO2 lowers the pH. Active transport on the plasma membrane stops which also stops ATP, and sodium and potassium start to leak out destroying the chemical gradient. C.What intracellular organelles have membranes as part of their structures? How would the breakdown of the membranes of these structures affect the function of josephs heart cells? Endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi complex, the mitochondria and the lysosomes all have membranes in their structure. Whenever calcium levels rose to high the heart went in to a prolonged contraction, the lysosomes usually in the vesicles start to destroy its own membranes. D.Two important pieces of information-instructions josephs body needs to repair itself and his predisposition for vascular disease- are both contained within the cell on which structures? The instructions and information are in the mitochondrial DNA, the body needs this information along with a blood supply to create new cells. Mitochondria contains its own DNA and genes so it can replicate. E.Joseph’s heart attack has caused the function of his cells to change. What types of proteins in the cell membrane were involved in the homeostatic imbalances of his heart cells? Without ATP the sodium potassium ion channels can’t operate. The heart can’t contract properly. Increased Calcium sent the heart in to a prolonged contraction, it convulsed recklessly. F.Why was reestablishing oxygen flow to Joseph’s body so important? What  processes would be affected by lack of oxygen? Without oxygen everything stops. Everything in the body requires oxygen. That’s why breathing is important and involuntary. Without oxygen we can’t the body can’t create ATP, ATP is required for all processes. When Joseph was administered oxygen and given chest compressions he was able to get rid of CO2 which started bringing the pH back to normal and the body was able to make more ATP. H.Explain why josephs heart failed based on what you have learned so far about the function of the cells in the human body. It was caused from a number of things. Hypertension, atherosclerosis, poor diet, lack of exercise. All of these things cause heart disease. Also build of plaque blocks blood flow which increase pressure and eventually it has nowhere to go. Something’s got to give eventually when the body can’t circulate blood quick enough.

Kotler Principles of Marketing Essay

Objective 1: Define marketing and outline the steps in the marketing process. Objective 2: Explain the importance of understanding the marketplace and customers and identify the five core marketplace concepts. Objective 3: Identify the key elements of a customer-driven marketing strategy and discuss the marketing management orientations that guide marketing strategy. Objective 4: Discuss customer relationship management and identify strategies for creating value for customers and capturing value from customers in return. Objective 5: Describe the major trends and forces that are changing the marketing landscape in this age of relationships. Objective 1: Define marketing and outline the steps in the marketing process. Marketing is managing profitable customer relationships. Or: Marketing is the process by which companies create value for customers and build strong customer relationships in order to capture value from customers in return. Steps in the marketing process: 1. Understanding customer needs 2. Designing customer-driven marketing strategies 3. Designing integrated marketing programs 4. Building customer relationships 5. Capturing value for the firm Figure 1.1 from page 27Create value for customers and build ‘’relationships final step Objective 2: Explain the importance of understanding the marketplace and customers and identify the five core marketplace concepts. Five core customer and marketplace concepts: 1. Needs, wants, and demands Needs: Physical need like food, clothing, warmth and safety Wants: Human needs shaped by culture: Americans need food (Big Mac) Demands: When wants are backed by buying power they become demands 2. Market offerings (products, services, and experiences) Consumers’ needs and wants are fulfilled through market offerings; Think of products, services or experiences (such as information) Marketing myopia is focusing too much on the specific products a company offers than to the benefits and experiences produced by these products. Example: Railroads assumed themselves to be in the railroad business rather than in the transportation business. Passengers and freight transportation in general grew, but they choose for cars, trucks, airplanes, etc. making railroad transportation declining. The reason they defined their industry incorrectly was that they were railroad oriented instead of transportation oriented; they were product oriented instead of customer oriented. 3. Value and satisfaction Customer value and satisfaction are key blocks for developing and managing customer relationships. The customer is looking for value and satisfaction and will buy accordingly to the company that offers the best. Expectations shouldn’t be too high or too low. 4. Exchanges and relationships Exchange is the act of OBTAINING a desired object from someone by OFFERING something IN RETURN. Examples are [Political candidate: votes] [Church: members] [orchestra: audience]. 5. Market A market is the set of all ACTUAL and POTENTIAL buyers of a product or service. All below are influenced by major environmental forces. Objective 3: Identify the key elements of a customer-driven marketing strategy and discuss the marketing management orientations that guide marketing strategy. –

Help with Essays in English for International Students at a Budget-Friendly Cost

Help with Essays in English for International Students at a Budget-Friendly Cost Are you an International Student? Are you an International Student? Writing homework assignments in English is not an easy task for an international student. Failure to write good essays and term papers in English can affect your grade. Too much homework in English? Read how over 125 000 students have solved this problem! Over 8000 students from China have been unable to continue their study in the universities of the United States in one year, according to a recent study* *Source: White Paper on Dismissed Chinese Students in the United States Are you finding it difficult to write essays and term papers in English? Are you busy with other projects? Outsource your homework to and leave your worries behind! Since 2005 provides professional writing assistance for international students. Over 10 000 students from China, Hong Kong, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Qatar buy custom-written assignments from Private Writing Services every year. Every paper is custom-written from scratch. It means that each assignment is unique and individually written. Every paper you hand in goes through a college plagiarism-check system. If you copy/paste it from the web you will most likely be expelled from your college or university for plagiarism. That is why it is so important to write papers from scratch. This is how we can make your life easier: pick any assignment that is due sometime this semester. Fill out the form below and we will get back to you with the price quote. You will see for yourself and complete the purchase if our services fit your budget. This is a no-obligation quote, free of charge. .random-faqs { margin: 20px 0; } .random-faqs h3 { border-top: none; } .random-faqs-block { padding: 20px; } .faq-wrapper { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; } @media only screen and (max-width: 991px) { .faq-wrapper { flex-direction: column; } } .faq-block { width: 100%; padding: 0 30px; border-left: 1px solid #fff; } @media only screen and (max-width: 991px) { .faq-block { padding: 20px 0; border: none; border-top: 1px solid #fff; } .faq-block:first-child { padding-top: 0; border: none; } .random-faqs .field-row { padding-bottom: 0; } } .faq-block:first-child { padding-left: 0; border-left: none; } .faq-block:last-child { padding-right: 0; } .random-faqs .field-row { max-width: none; text-align: center; align-items: center; } Random FAQ : What if someone finds out? We are in business of writing essays for students. Safety of our customers is the key factor of our business reputation. That is why we host our websites on our own dedicated servers and regularly perform a PCI compliance audit: yes, we are actually hiring people to find out if we can get hacked. That is why our company retains a status of the most trusted bullet-proof confidential essay writing service in the world. So, you know what you pay for! How can I be sure my homework will be done right? For almost 12 years we have been working with thousands of writers from around the world. When our editorial staff sees the assignment criteria we know exactly which writer is the best fit for the job. We are focused on satisfaction of our customers: when you are happy with our product you will order with us again. It is exactly why you should buy your assignment from . How does your service work? Our system is completely automated and adjusted to the degree of maximum user convenience. All you have to do is give us your assignment requirements and pay at the time of placing the order. Once we are notified of your payment we start to work on your paper immediately. Each project is assigned a unique identification number which gives you the possibility to track your order online. It also allows you to log into your personalized control panel and communicate with the writer whos doing the job for you. Once the paper is completed it is delivered to your email. Please read more on the ordering procedure. See more

Newspaper Op-Ed Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Newspaper Op-Ed - Article Example Legislations aim at safeguard the functionality of a given institution. The bill being proposed to allow the patients to choose whether to use experimental drugs, shall mean medical practitioners are have limited control in matters public health. Any action requires an individual to take responsibility. The medical code of ethics means that each doctor or nay other health officer is enshrined by a given set of roles thus must adhere to these rules. This implies that any effect of a given drug to a patient. My allowing the use of experimental drugs will mean that each patient would be liable if the drug negatively affects them. This will mean that the doctors and other medical officers will be reduced to inactive members in public health. This will culminate into malpractices by these officers with knowledge that the existing regulation protects them from any punishment. This will hence undermine the essence of ethical code of conduct. The patients will be subjected to commercialized health system that cares less on practitioners’ ethics. The bill fails to specify under which circumstances the experimental drugs will be used. The loophole in the bill will create room for the medical practitioners to use these drugs for their own benefits. This will entail using humans as ‘guinea pigs’ in an attempt to create a product that commercially benefit the doctors administering treatment. The use of human in test the raises the question on the ethical components of the experimental drugs. Companies will collaborate with health providers in a scheme to test their drugs on humans. The patients will subject to a series of drugs without their knowledge. The essence of any public health institution is to ensure the patient’s welfare is protected. The physicians in any facility should ensure any activity improves the wellbeing of their patients. In any terminal illness case there is the question of when should the ending

Introudation Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introudation - Dissertation Example The role of the Saudi press during the recent conflict in Bahrain should be analyzed with respect to the Saudi government system, the Saudi society and the Saudi mass media. 1.1. The Saudi Government System The Saudi Government system comprises on the following three branches, on the basis of its goals, nature, responsibilities of the Country and the correlation of the ruler with the Saudi people. 1. Council of Ministers. 2. Legal and Judicial structure. 3. Consultative Council. 1.1.1. Council of Ministers The King, as the Prime Minister of the State, heads the Council of Ministers. Other members of this body include the Deputy Prime Minister (Crown Prince), the 2nd Deputy Prime Minister and the Cabinet Ministers (Saudi Arabian Information Centre, 1996). The responsibilities of the Council are drafting, supervising the execution of the external, internal, economic, financial, educational and defence policies, and general affairs of the Country. 1.1.2. Legal & Judicial Structure Saudi Arabia possesses a pervasive legal structure, in which the judicial system strictly follows the Shariah (The Islamic Law). At present, the Shariah legal system is governed by the Ministry of Justice through the Shariah Courts. The Special Courts or the Board of Grievances administers the disputes that emerge due to codified regulations. 1.1.3. Consultative Council The Consultative Council, also known as the Majlis Al-Shoura, fundamentally provides its advice to the King on important affairs by consulting its experienced and learned citizens. The Consultative Council, in its present form, comprises of a chairman and 90 advisors/members who are being hired by the King for a tenure of renewable 4 years. 1.2. Saudi-Society It is evident from the above description of the Saudi government system that the Islamic principles and the government permeate all areas of the social life in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, numerous political religious, cultural and economical factors influence the Saudi Arabian society to a great extent. The Saudi society is governed by the primitive ethics and traditions that have their roots deep in Islam as well as in Arabian morals and behavior, for instance, neighborliness and truthfulness (Ministry of Information, n.d.). 1.3. Saudi Mass Media As the case in the Saudi Arabian society, the mass media also cannot be considered individually from the influence of Islamic believes and government policies. 1.3.1. Saudi Press The National Press Agencies Act was approved by the Council of Ministers in January 09, 1964 through the resolution number 600 and a royal decree number 60 with the purpose to allow new people to know about their country, increase the rate of distribution by adding more readers to the national press (The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 1993). This act was also helpful in expanding the information and news from abroad. Several news offices began their work from outside as well as inside of Saudi Arabia, specifically in the Arab region. The government of Saudi Arabia provided the financial support to the Saudi national press. The press in Saudi Arabia is presently more dependent on advertisements as a result of the economic problems, especially since the year 1991. As for instance, in July-1999 the Saudi newspaper, al-Riyadh allocated more than 60 percent of its space per day to advertisements while the al-Yaum and Okaz newspapers of Saudi Arabia, respectively, dedicated 50 percent and 53 percent of their space to advertisement for

Parental education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Parental education - Essay Example The failure of many adults to succeed is rooted in the poor parenting skills of those who raised them, thus suggesting that required parental education would benefit society as a whole. A society has the right and the obligation to define how its members will interact within the ideological framework of its culture. One of the biggest problems in the United States is that most people do not have generations of ancestors who came before them on which to base their cultural belief systems. Therefore, the way in which parents pass their heritage to their children is often convoluted and without social structure, the design of the community not based upon generations of cultural belief systems, but a patchwork of concepts that do not inform those who are trying to find a way to raise their children on exactly what is best in regard to their future. As witnessed in the disrupted families within the two parallel stories of Wes Moore, when the struggle to survive creates a gap between what is life and what one thinks life should be, the frustration can lead children to some very poor decisions that can impact the rest of their lives. Because of the gaps that leave many children struggling to acculturate within their own native society, the concept of parent education is one way that this social problem can be combated. The difficulty, however, is that parenting is a complex activity that is comprised of a number of roles and a wide path of responsibilities. According to Chase-Lansdale and Pittman, list the number of functions of a parent as including â€Å"nurturing, discipline, stimulation, values, activities, and routines† (167). In the process of promoting good parenting skills within those who were at a socio-economic level to receive state assistance for their families, parenting classes have been a part of the reforms. Chase-Lansdale and Pittman have concluded that programs with generous work supports and flexible work requirements have lead to different choices within the family and have promoted, not only better parenting skills, but more stable marriages and less violence between partners which has lead to overall natural better parenting (167). The following factors in the methods of parenting have been instrumental in creating children who make better life choices: warmth and responsiveness, control and discipline, cognitive stimulation, modeling, gate keeping, and family routines and traditions (Chase-Lansdale and Pittman 168). The characteristics of a parent are central to the way in which the parent will provide positive examples of these factors. Chase-Lansdale and Pittman state that â€Å"Single mothers tend to have less positive interactions with their children and provide less firm and consistent discipline as compared with mothers in two-parent households†¦primarily because single mothers have more stressors in their lives† (171). This suggests that parents who are experiencing high levels of stress are not as capable of focusing their positive life experience on their children. According to Carlson and Tanner, parents are the â€Å"primary socialization agents for children†, thus the way a parent approaches life will be passed down to children,

Politics Comment 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Politics Comment 1 - Essay Example â€Å"Even after visiting the likely hiding places around Baghdad, the coalition found no convincing proof that Iraq retained stocks of chemical and biological weapons, or that Saddam had been trying to build a nuclear bomb† (Richie, p. 91). And still American troops remain in Iraq and as a result terror is being felt by the people, not from a dictatorial regime, but from being unnecessarily caught up in the crossfire between insurgents and American troops. U.S. invasion of Iraq has been an instrument of manipulation with underlying reasons not related to discovering and disarming weapons of mass destruction. â€Å"U.S. soldiers has no right to occupy a sovereign nation, outside of international law, and doubly so because it was done under false pretenses† (Tremblay, p. 203). Such false pretenses, experts claim, mask the ulterior motive of the U.S. of wanting to maintain control over Iraqi oil fields and to placate political conservatives who want to make the Middle Eas t safe for Israel (Mueller, p. 137). When the U.S Congress authorized the sending of troops to Iraq, it agreed to do so in order to â€Å"defend the national security of the US from the threat posed by Iraq† (Congressional Resolution 296-133 in the House; 77-23 in the Senate, as quoted by Levin, Editorials). With the fall of Saddam Hussein, Iraq no longer poses a threat to US security. Many experts argue that when illegal troops occupy a country, any violent means adapted by the country’s citizens to depose illegal occupants can be classified as guerrilla warfare. Guerrilla warfare is a war waged by the people to express their protest and outrage against forces that threaten their independence and sovereignty. â€Å"It is a defensive type of war against a foreign invader† (Eland, as quoted by Knickerbocker â€Å"Specials†). And interest groups emphasize that this type of warfare usually does not stop until the

Biological Causes of Cancer and Effects

Biological Causes of Cancer and Effects Cancer refers to a set of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of cells into a different form against the normal complement of the organism (Kufe Holland, 2003). There are two types of tumors; one is unremitting proliferation of cancer cells develops into tumor tissues and may multiply across to other organs via circulatory systems resulting in metastasis known as malignant tumors and second one those without malignant properties, which are self-limiting, noninvasive and do not metastasise, known as benign tumors. Around 90% of deaths from cancer are due to the metastases (Box Html, 2008). Cancer may concern humans of all ages. According to figures from World Health Organisation (WHO), cancer is the second most mortal disease after cardiovascular diseases. In 2010, around 5.5 million people in India were died due to cancer. 71% cancer deaths occurred in both men and women aged of 30-69 years. The three most common fatal cancers were oral (including lip and pharynx), stomach, and lung (including trachea and larynx) in men, and cervical, stomach, and breast in women. About 30% of cancer deaths are due to high body mass index, low fruit and vegetable intake, lack of physical activity, tobacco and alcohol use. Hence, the medical needs for cancer remain one of the most demanding areas in scientific research (Dikshit et al., 2012; Ferlay et al., 2007). Cancers are first and foremost an environmental disease with 90–95% of cases due to modification in lifestyle and environmental factors and 5–10% due to genetics mutation (oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes and DNA repair genes). Cancer is caused by physical carcinogens (ultraviolet and ionizing radiation), chemical carcinogens (asbestos, components of tobacco smoke, aflatoxin and arsenic), and biological carcinogens (infections from certain viruses, bacteria or parasites). Common environmental factors leading to cancer death include: tobacco (25–30%), diet and obesity (30–35%), infections (15–20%), radiation, stress, lack of physical activity, and environmental pollutants. These environmental factors cause abnormalities in the genetic material of cells. There are certain risk factors for cancers which consist use of Tobacco, alcohol, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity are the main cancer risk factors worldwide (Rayl and Lewis, 2001; Bahls and F ogarty; 2002; Gibbs; 2003). Chronic infections from hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and some types of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) are leading risk factors for cancer in low- and middle-income countries. Cervical cancer, which is caused by HPV, is a leading cause of cancer death among women in low-income countries (Newman and Cragg, 2007). It is very unfortunate condition when cancer has been diagnosed; there are a number of treatments available. As cancer refers to a class of disease, it is unlikely that one single cure for all forms of cancer is possible (Pazdur, 2001; Illidge, 2008). The most common methods include surgery, chemotherapy (with one or more cytotoxic antineoplastic drugs), radiation therapy (ionizing radiation). There are other methods of treatment such as targeted therapies (monoclonal antibody therapy), immunotherapy (enhancing, or suppressing an immune response) and hormonal therapy (Goldenberg, 2002; Rosenberg et al., 1986; Byar and Corle, 1988). New methods, immunotherapy have the advantage to minimizing the adverse effects, in this targets specific antigen solely expressed by tumor cells, only target cancer and not the healthy cell population. According to a report of World Health Organization, more than 80% of world’s populations depend on traditional medicine for their primary health care needs (Farnsworth, 1994; Duraipandiyan et al., 2006). Plants have a long history of use in the treatment of cancer and it is significant that over 60% of currently used anti-cancer agents are come from natural source. Naturally occurring drugs that are part of the war against cancer include vinca alkaloids (vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine, vinorelbine), taxanes (paclitaxel, docetaxel), podophyllotoxin and its derivative (etoposide, teniposide), camptothecin and its derivatives (topothecan, irinothecan), anthracyclines (doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin) and others. In fact, half of all anti-cancer drugs approved internationally were either natural products or their derivatives and were developed on the basis of knowledge gained from small molecules or macromolecules that exist in nature (Cragg et al., 2005; Cr agg et al., 1997). In between 2001 and 2005, 23 new drugs derived from natural products were introduced for the treatment of disorders such as bacterial and fungal infections, cancer, diabetes, dyslipidemia, atopic dermatitis, Alzheimer’s disease and genetic diseases such as tyrosinaemia and Gaucher disease out of these 4 drugs have been approved as anti cancer agents. The approved anti cancer agents in 2002 doxorubicin, in 2002 estradiol, in 2004 cholorophyll and l- aspartic acid and taxol nanoparticles in 2005 (Butler, 2005). Three new drugs also introduced in 2007 originate from microbial sources for the treatment of cancer is marine alkaloid trabectedin, epothilone derivative ixabepilone and temsirolimus (Newman et al., 2003). Nature is an attractive source of new therapeutic candidate compounds as a tremendous chemical diversity is found in millions of species of plants, animals, marine organisms and microorganisms as potential anti-cancer agent (Bailly, 2009; Butler, 20 04; Bhanot et al., 2011). There were various biological mechanisms for controlling the cancer, out of it apoptosis and cell cycle inhibition are important one. Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death (PCD) that may perhaps occur in multicellular organisms. In distinction to necrosis, which is a form of traumatic cell death that outcome from acute cellular injury, apoptosis generally confers advantages during an organisms life cycle. Biochemical events escort to characteristic cell changes (morphology) and death (Furuya et al., 1994). There are numerous pathways and signals lead to apoptosis, but there is only one mechanism that in fact causes the death of a cell (Meikrantz W, Schlegel; 1995). Subsequent to a cell receives stimulus, it undergoes planned degradation of cellular organelles by activated proteolytic caspases. A cell undergoing apoptosis shows a distinguishing morphology (Alenzi; 2004): The breakdown of the proteinaceous cytoskeleton caused by caspases which shown characteristic cell shrinkage and rounding. The cytoplasm appears dense, and the organelles emerge tightly packed. A process of pyknosis (a hallmark of apoptosis) in which chromatin undergoes condensation into compact patches in opposition to the nuclear envelope. The nuclear cover becomes broken down and the DNA inside it is split in a process known to as karyorrhexis. The nucleus breaks into a number of separate chromatin bodies or nucleosomal units as a result of the degradation of DNA. The cell membrane shows uneven buds known as blebs. The cell breaks together into several vesicles called apoptotic bodies, which afterward phagocytosed. Figure 1.1: Apoptosis in sequence: A) normal resting cell; B) cell volume is lost and chromatin clumped; C) blebbing process; D) chromatin collapsed to the margins of the nuclear envelope; E) nucleus clumped into a black hole; F) cell breaks down into apoptotic bodies; and G) apoptotic bodies ingested by macrophage. Cell cycle consists of two successive periods, that characterized by DNA replication and isolation of replicated chromosomes into two separate daughter cells. The cell cycle divided into five phases: G0, G1, S, G2, and M. Cell division, or cytokinesis, occurs through the M (mi ­tosis) phase, and is preceded by a prepa ­rative phase, or interphase, that includes G0, G1, S and G2 (Fig. 2). DNA replication occurs in a specific part of the interphase, the S (synthesis) phase, which is preceded by a gap called G1, where the cell prepa ­res for DNA synthesis, and followed by G2, during which the cell prepares for mitosis. Figure 1.2: A diagrammatic view of cell cycle indicating formation of two cells from one cell The vast preponderance of the cells are able to di ­vide but do so only when appropriate to re ­place damaged or dead cells. In fact, cells in G0 account for the major part of the non-growing, non-proliferating section of the human body, being essentially arrested in their growth. Cells in G0 can often be sti ­mulated to enter the cell cycle by external growth signals such as growth factors and hormones that bind to cell surface recep ­tors and then convey the signal from the plasma membrane to the nucleus, a pro ­cess known as signal transduction(Sherr, 1994; Ostsubo et al., 1995; Cerveira et al., 2012). The plant Aerva lanata L. belonging to family Amaranthaceae have been used for very long times in traditional system of medicine as diuretic and in lithiasis. Besides the traditional uses the plant were reported numerous pharmacological effects viz. diuretic (Udupihille and Jiffry, 1986), anti inflammatory (Vetrichelvan et al., 2000), anti-microbial, cytotoxic (Chowdhury et al, 2002), anthelmintic, demulcent (Pullaiah and Naidu, 2003), nephroprotective (Shirwaikar et al., 2004), anti-diabetic, anti-hyperglycaemic (Vetrichelvan and Jegadeesan, 2002; Deshmukh et al., 2008), expectorant, hepatoprotective (Manokaran et al., 2008), hypoglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic (Krishnan et al., 2009), anti-parasitic and anthelmentic activities (Anantha et al., 2010), anti cancer activity was carried out against Daltons Ascitic Lymphoma (DAL) cell lines which show significant cancer control of the same (Rajesh et al., 2011). Beside this vast studies were carried out by various researchers to showing i mportance of Aerva lanata L. which includes finger printing chromatographic technique analysis of steroids, terpenoids, flavanoids and glycosides (Yamunadevi et al., 2011a; Mariswamy et al., 2011a; Yamunadevi et al., 2011b; Mariswamy et al., 2011b). As per previous studies phytoconstituens possessing anti-oxidant properties are believed to prevent or slow down the occurrence of disease such as cancer. In recent years, a large investigation on different classes of imidazo thiadiazoles has been done. Many of them were found to possess definite pharmacological activity. The fusion of a imidazole ring with a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus give rise to a class of heterocyclic systems containing a bridgehead nitrogen atom known as imidazothiadiazoles. Imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole derivatives were first discovered in the early 1950s and, since then, the research work on heterocyclic system has led to significant developments in their chemistry and biology. The planar and rigid heteroaromatic imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole ring system have interesting physicochemical and biological properties, because of the presence of four hetero atom and two condensed heterocycles with different Ï€-conjugation. Imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles ring systems have been extensively studied and so far, a variety of biological activities have been reported for a large number of their derivatives such as antitubercular, antibacterial, anticancer, anthelmintic, antifungal, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, local anaesthetic, diuretic, antileishmanial and herbicidal activities. In addition, they have been reported to selectively inhibit several therapeutic receptors and enzymes, extending their applications in modern drug design (Jadhav et al., 2008). So the present study was designed to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of the plant Aerva lanata L., isolation and characterization of phytoconstituents as well as preparation of their various novel derivatives as potential anticancer agents (Khazi et. Al., 2011).

Attending Melba Beals Event Essay -- Civil Rights Little Rock Nine

I attended an event commemorating a very heroic woman’s actions. Civil rights activist Melba Beals, author of Warriors Don’t Cry, was one of the Little Rock Nine who helped to integrate an all-white Arkansas public high school in 1957. However, this was not a very easy task. She attended school amidst constant harassment, violence, and threats. Her efforts helped shape the civil rights movement and earned her America’s top civilian honor, the Congressional Gold Medal. I found her to be very inspiring, witty, and brave. The event allowed us to hear her perspective on growing up at such a volatile time, and to learn about her unique and rich past. This event was held in the Illini Union, a building on the University of Illinois’ campus where students and faculty work, study, and relax. Very often events such as this one are held to add a diverse flavor and special treat to the already enriching university. This presentation was held in the ballroom on the second floor. This room is a beautifully decorated large hall where many various events take place from dances to speeches. The fact that the event was held in this room shows the importance of Melba and the seating needed to accommodate such a large-scale event. The event was extremely crowded, and many different nationalities and cultures were represented, which was quite surprising to me. I would have imagined only finding African-Americans and whites at an event like this, but to my surprise almost every culture was represented in the audience. Through careful observation I noticed that the composition of the audience was mainly female, college and middle aged. I did notice that there were many families that came together, which was very nice... .... It made me proud of them and for them. From attending this lecture I have a greater sense of appreciation for all the women of color who have made a difference, because now I know how many obstacles they had to overcome to achieve their goal. After seeing her speak I felt extremely enriched and honored to have had the chance to hear someone like her speak in front of me. I felt a sense of pride for her. It was an odd moment. I felt like I was directly connected to her as well as to everything that she was saying. I could feel her pain, sorrow, triumph, and happiness all at once. It is not everyday that someone attempts to de-segregate their high school at a time when African-American people had no right to do something like this whatsoever. I am very much looking forward to reading her book now. I am very interested in finding more out about her life.

Biology By2 Revision

Parasitic Nutrition 21 May 2011 10:43 = organisms that live on or in another organism obtaining nourishment at the expense of the host and causing harm. Gut parasite (Taenia solium) = tapeworm Primary host = human (eat uncooked infected pork) Secondary host = pig (drainage channels contaminated by human faeces) Adaptations†¦ – Suckers & hookers (attachment) – Body covering (immune responses) – Thick cuticle (inhibitory substances = enzymes) – Simple body systems (reproduction) – Very thin & large surface area (food absorbed over whole body surface = diffusion) – Male & female sex organs (gut can only accommodate 1 tapeworm) – Number of eggs produced (increase chance of survival) – Eggs have resistant shells (survive until eaten) Dormant embryos can form cysts in organs – damage surrounding tissue BY2 revision Page 1 Adaptions to different diets 21 May 2011 10:53 Reptiles & Amphibians = swallow food whole Mammals = cut up and chew (palate separates nasal cavity & mouth – kept in mouth longer) Carnivore = short gut (easily digest protein) Herbivore = long gut (p lant digestion difficult) Dentition Mechanical digestion = easier to swallow & increases surface area for enzyme action Herbivore Incisors Canines Lower jaw, cuts against horny pad (upper jaw) Indistinguishable from incisors Carnivore Sharp (tear flesh from bone) Large, curved, pointed = seizing prey, killing & tearing flesh Carnassial (slide past each other = garden shears) molars = cutting/crushing) Vertical (open wide to capture & kill prey) Not horizontal (dislocation) Jaw muscles = well developed/powerful (grip firmly on prey/crush bones) Cheek teeth Interlock. (W into M) Worn down = sharp enamel ridges (efficiency). Open roots (grinding) Jaw movement Other Circular grinding. Horizontal plane Diastema = gap between front & side teeth. Tongue moves cut grass to grinding surfaces (cheek teeth) Ruminants Produce most protein eaten by humans eg. Cows/sheep Mutualism/Symbiosis = close association between members of 2 species, both derive some benefit from the relationship. – Can't digest cellulose (no cellulose enzymes) – Cellulose-digesting bacteria live in gut of cow – Separated = food left long enough for digestion, bacteria isolated (optimum pH & conditions) Cellulose digestion†¦ – Grass chopped (teeth), saliva, cud formed, swallowed – 1st stomach = cellulose digesting bacteria (glucose = fermented – organic acids into blood. Waste = co2 & methane – Cud into next region, regurgitated & chewed again – 3rd stomach = water absorption – 4th stomach (‘normal' stomach) = protein digestion – Small intestine = absorption Rumen = greater variety of mutualistic organisms than in caecum More efficient = more complete breakdown of cellulose Bacteria = source of protein when dead BY2 revision Page 2 Digestion 21 May 2011 11:35 = the break down of large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble molecules. Physical & chemical. Food passes through alimentary canal where it is digested & absorbed into the body. Digestive enzymes = hydrolases (catalyse hydrolysis of substrate – addition of water) – Carbohydrates (polysaccharides) > disaccharides > monosaccharides (Amylase = maltose >glucose) – Proteins >polypeptides >dipeptides >amino-acids (peptidase = endo/exo) – Fats > fatty acids & glycerol (lipase) Mouth (buccal cavity) – Mechanical digestion (teeth) – Saliva = salivary lands (mucus, salivary amylase & mineral ions = optimum pH – slightly alkaline) = lubrication & some protein digestion (amylase = starch > maltose) – Swallowed as bolus Oesophagus – Peristaltic contractions (longitudinal & circular muscles = not under conscious control) – Occurs all way through alimentary canal Stomach = muscular sac (2 sphincter muscles = cardiac & pyloric keep food in stomach) – Muscles in stomach wall contract rhythmically (mix food with gastric juice = secreted by stomach wall) – Gastric juice = optimum pH of enzymes (pH2. 0), kills most bacteria, peptidase enzymes = protein > polypeptides Pepsinogen (inactive) = activated by HCl to active peptidase enzyme – Mucus = form lining (protect wall from enzymes & acid/assist movement) – Food leaves as chyme – Purpose of HCl = optimum pH for enzymes, kill microbes, activate pepsinogen (pepsin) Gastric glands = peptic/chief cells (p epsinogen = inactive until HCl), oxyntic (secretes HCl) & goblet cells (mucus) Small Intestine = duodenum (first 20cm) & ileum Bile = produced in liver, stored in gall bladder, into duodenum via bile duct. = no enzymes. Bile salts = emulsifying lipids (lowers surface tension = globules – droplets [surface area]) = neutralise acidity = exocrine glands in Pancreas via Pancreatic duct. = Contains enzymes. Trypsinogen – Trypsin (Enterokinase) = Endopeptidases (protein > peptides) Pancreatic Amylase (starch > maltose) Pancreatic Lipase (lipids >fatty acids & glycerol) Pancreatic juice Walls of duodenum = Brunner's Glands (secrete alkaline juice & mucus) – correct pH & lubrication/protection Enzymes secreted by cells at tips of villi (Crypts of Lieberkuhn) Maltase = Maltose > 2 Glucose Sucrase = sucrose > glucose & galactose Endopeptidases/Exopeptidases = polypeptides > amino acids Endo = quaternary/tertiary – smaller polypeptides. Exo = peptides – amino acids Absorption Ileum adapted†¦ – Long BY2 revision Page 3 – Long Lining folded = large surface area Villi = finger like projections Epithelial cells = surface of villi (microscopic projections – microvilli) Large number of mitochondria = lots of energy required Glucose & Amino-acids = epithelium of villi (diffusion & active transport) into capillary network – hepatic portal vein to liver Fatty acids & Glycerol = lacteal (blindly ending lymph capillary) – lymphatic system into bloodstream (thoracic duct) Fatty acids, Glycerol & most vitamins = diffusion through epithelial cell membrane Glucose, Amino acids & dipeptides = need ATP (energy) – co-transport (Na+ ion) Dipeptides digested intracellularly-pump ions out and then draws more in – carries molecules in with it. Large intestine – Caecum, Appendix, Colon & Rectum – Water & mineral salts absorbed in colon – vitamins secreted by micro-organisms (vitamin K & folic acid (Vitamin B9) – Faeces = semi-solid condition (undigested cellulose, bacteria, sloughed cells) – defaecation Uses†¦ Soluble food products – bloodstream – tissues (assimilation/provide energy) – Glucose = energy release (respiration)/excess stored (fat cells) – Amino Acids = protein-synthesis. Cannot be stored (deaminated – urea {disposed} & carbs {stored}) – Lipids = membranes/hormones/excess stored as fat BY2 revision Page 4 Structure of the gut 24 May 2011 08:52 Peristalsis = aids movement of food through alimentary canal 1) 2) 3) 4) Ingestion Digestion (mechanical = increase surface area/chemical = enzymes, glands in wall/outside wall) Absorption Egestion Structure of Mammalian Gut – Outer serosa = layer of connective tissue (protection/reduces friction from other organs as it moves) – Muscle layer = inner circular/outer longitudinal muscles = peristalsis – Sub-mucosa = connective tissue, contains blood/lymph vessels – absorption & nerves (co-ordinate muscular contractions – peristalsis) – Mucosa = innermost layer (lines wall of gut), secretes mucus (lubrication & protection), secretes digestive juices in some regions (stomach)/absorbs food (ileum) – Lumen = cavity of gut BY2 revision Page 5 Glands 1) Large glands outside gut – secretions pass through tubes/ducts into lumen Eg. Salivary gland, liver, pancreas 2) Glands in form of cells in sub-mucosa Eg. Secrete mucus in duodenum (Brunner's glands – alkaline juices also) 3) Glands in form of cells in mucosa Eg. Gastric glands(stomach) = gastric juice Crypts of lieberkuhn(in base of villus of small intestine) = enzymes (complete digestion) – maltase = maltose – Sucrase = sucrose – Endopeptidase/exopeptidase = peptides/dipeptides BY2 revision Page 6 Adaptions for nutrition 24 May 2011 09:37 Nutrition = obtain energy to maintain life functions and matter to create/maintain structure (from nutrients) Autotrophic plants Use simple organic materials CO2 & H2O to manufacture energy & make complex compounds (make own food) – provide food for others = producers Green plants build up complex organic molecules eg sugars from CO2 & H2O. Source of energy = sunlight (absorbed in chlorophyll & related pigments) [6CO2 +6H2O > C6H12O6 + 6O2] Use energy from special methods of respiration to synthesize organic food Consume complex organic food material (cannot make own food) = consumers. Take food into bodies and break down by digestion. Usually internal in digestive system. Digested material – absorbed (body tissues – used by cells) Herbivores/Carnivores/Detritivores Dead/decaying matter – no specialized digestive system. Secrete enzymes outside body & absorb. (extracellular digestion). Microscopic = decomposers (important recycling valuable nutrients – nitrogen) – Photosynthesis Plants/algae/ certain bacteria Autotrophic bacteria Animals, fungi, some protoctists & bacteria Most animals – Chemosynthesis Heterotrophic – Holozoic feeders – Saprophytes (saprobionts) – Parasites – Mutualism (symbiosis) Fungi & some bacteria Tapeworm Organism that live in/on another organism and receive nutrition from it. Host suffers harm. Highly specialized. Cellulose Involves close association between members of2 different species. digesting bacteria Both derive some benefit from the relationship BY2 revision Page 7 Reproductive Strategies 24 May 2011 10:08 Life cycle = sequence of changes through which it passes during its life from origin in reproduction until death. Reproduction = ability to produce other individuals of the same species Asexual – Rapidly produces large numbers (identical genetic composition = clone) – Binary fission (eg. Unicellular organisms – bacteria/amoeba) – Budding (eg. Hydra/yeast) – Bulbs (eg. Onion/daffodil) – Runners (eg. Strawberry) – Tubers (eg. Potato) Sexual – Involves 2 parents – Less rapid than asexual – Offspring are genetically different – Fusion of haploid gametes Advantages/Disadvantages†¦ Asexual = lack of variety (adapting to environmental change) = if well suited to environment conditions, large numbers of successful type built up quickly Sexual = genetic variety (adapt to environmental change) = development of resistant stage in life cycle (can withstand adverse conditions) = formation of spores, seeds, larvae = dispersal of offspring. Reduces intraspecific competition – enables genetic variety to develop as required. = more chance of mutation (complexity of process) Production of Gametes Diploid = body cells (mitosis) Haploid = sex cells/gametes (meiosis) Haploid Sperm + Haploid Egg = Diploid Fertilized Egg Zygote formed – mitosis to grow Male gamete = small& extremely motile Female gamete = large/sedentary (presence of stored food) Mammalian eggs have only enough to survive until formation of placenta External Fertilization – Discharge gametes directly into sea/freshwater – Considerable wastage = eggs may not encounter sperm – Vast numbers of gametes produced – Frogs – joining of sperm/egg assisted by coupling. Male rubs hind legs on female for her to lay eggs, he immediately releases seminal fluid over them. – Amphibians usually terrestrial, must return to water to breed = external fertilization Internal Fertilization – Occurs inside body of female – Requires intermittent organ to introduce sperm to female's body – Less chance of gametes being wasted BY2 revision Page 8 – Less chance of gametes being wasted Allows male gamete to be independent of water for movement Fertilized egg can be enclosed with protective covering before leaving female. (Animals lay eggs) Embryos develop within parent and derive nourishment from her (placenta) = greatest adaption (mammals) Development of Zygote – Usually outside body – easy prey for predators – Many eggs produced to ensure some survive – Insects, internal fertilization (ensure sperm deposited in female's reproductive tract), external development (laid on food source) – Evolution of amniote egg (reptiles/birds) = fluid filled cavity, surrounded by membrane & protective shell, encloses embryo within yolk sac – Birds incubate eggs = embryo development (external) – Mammals = young retained in mother's womb/uterus (no shell). Embryo nourished from mother's blood supply (placenta). Born in relatively advanced state of development. Parental Care – Very little usually – Stickleback looks after eggs, defends territory, fans eggs to provide o2 until they hatch – Birds & mammals = provision of shelter, feeding, protection from predators, training for adult life. More parental care provided = fewer offspring produced Unisexual/Hermaphrodite â₠¬â€œ Plants = male and female gametes produced in one individual – Every individual capable of forming fertilized eggs – Possibility of self-fertilization = inbreeding (reduced genetic variability) – No intromittent organs – special techniques evolved for transferring gametes Success of Insects – Mainly terrestrial – Depend on these to pollinate crops – Competition for food also – Carry disease eg. Malaria Incomplete Metamorphosis (eg. Grasshopper) – Egg – Intermediate form = nymph (resembles adult – smaller) – Hard exoskeleton – doesn't grow, must shed skin/molt – Does this a series of times until it reaches full size Complete metamorphosis (eg. Butterfly/housefly) – Egg – Lava (specialized for feeding/growing) – Pupa/chrysalis – complete change – Emerges as adult specialized for dispersal and reproduction Plants Simple plants = algae (seaweeds = confined to sea) & mosses & ferns (confined to damp areas -male gamete can swim to egg) Successful plants = conifers & flowering plants (independent of water for reproduction – able to colonize land) Flowering plants = morphology (Efficient water carrying xylem vessels & reproduction) – Male pollen grains with hard coat = withstand desiccation (transfer to stigma of female – affect by environmental conditions) – Plants & grasses = small inconspicuous flowers – pollen carried by wind – Brightly coloured flowers & scent = attraction by insects (carry pollen to stigma) BY2 revision Page 9 – Brightly coloured flowers & scent = attraction by insects (carry pollen to stigma) Male gametes travel through pollen tube to female part and egg (no longer needs film of water to reach egg) Fertilised egg develops into seed containing food store (with resistant coat) Key to success = relationship with animals (attract insects which pollinate/seed dispersal) & enclosure of eggs in ovary and evolution of seed – Can survive adverse conditions Flowering plants are so successful because of†¦ – Short interval between flower production and setting of seed (few weeks) – Seed with food store = embryo develops until leaves are produced above ground (photosynthesis) – Seed protects embryo from desiccation & other hazards = resistant coat – Leaves deciduous & succulent = decay when fall to ground – humus produced. (rapid recycling of ions for reuse) BY2 revision Page 10 Translocation 24 May 2011 14:41 = transport of soluble organic materials, sucro se and amino acids (bi-directional movement) Products of photosynthesis = phloem. From source (area that makes the photosynthate – sucrose = leaves) to sink (where needed for growth/storage) Phloem structure – Sieve tubes (adapted for longitudinal flow of material = no nucleus ,have pores =sieve plates allows rapid flow of manufactured food substances) – Companion cells (linked to sieve tubes by plasmodesmata with fibres & parenchyma, dense cytoplasm = lots of mitochondria – lots of metabolic activity, large nucleus – controls activity) – Phloem fibres – Phloem parenchyma â€Å"Mass flow† hypothesis – There is a passive flow of sucrose from source to sink – Does not account for observations such as movement in opposite directions at same time & rate – Other hypotheses = diffusion, cytoplasmic streaming Evidence for translocation†¦ 1) Aphid (greenfly) – Feed (proboscis), leave embedded proboscis, liquid = sucrose & amino acids. Sectioning stem shows proboscis is in phloem sieve tube 2) Ringing Experiments – Cut off ring of bark (including phloem, leave xylem), immerse in water. Swelling above cut = accumulation of organic solutes, cannot continue. Will eventually die 3) Radioactive isotopes – Carbon-14 supplied to plant – fixed in glucose upon photosynthesis (14C6H12O6) – Stem cut, x-ray = phloem contains radioactivity BY2 revision Page 11

Photography term paper

â€Å"Photography can only represent the present. Once photographed, the subject becomes part of the past† (Abbott, Bernice). Since the beginning of time humans have tried to commemorate their existence and one of the ways we have done so is through photography. Photography can be found anywhere. One of the most common places you can find photography is in a museum; which is where my story begins.As I entered the doors of the Museum of Photography at the University of Riverside I was transported through time. I was taken back to a time when hydrotherapy was nearly a budding phenomenon. A time where the mention of daguerreotype; a picture made on a mirror-like surface, would stop people dead in their tracks. A time where death; as tragic as it was, was celebrated as art. The time of Post-Mortem photography.As I ventured deeper into the world of Post-Mortem photography, I quickly discovered that Post- Mortem photography meant photography of the deceased. I immediately questioned the photographers' motives and was hesitant to except their works as art. However, as I continued to examine and observe I realized that these photographs weren't as horrific as I had made them UT to be. In fact, they were quite beautiful; In that they leave something behind for the living to hold on to.As I continued through the halls of the museum I found several other photographs whose subjects were living. I favored these photographs over the other photographs because they were much more cheerful. Throughout my exploration of the museum In total there were four photographs that stood out to me. Photography term paper By zoologically out to be. In fact, they were quite beautiful; in that they leave something behind for exploration of the museum in total there were four photographs that stood out to me.